apollo 11 tracking stations

Thanks for contacting us. For deeper space tracking operations the antenna remained in program track mode due to lower levels of the received signal strength. Photo: Hamish Lindsay. Photo: Hamish Lindsay. In fact, this was one piece of evidence that the Apollo 11 signals the receiver picked up were indeed from the Moon — if the antenna was not kept aimed at the Moon, the signal disappeared. Magnetic tape was the primary external data storage medium for the computer systems. Analog reel-to-reel tape recorders for both wide and narrow band analog telemetry provided a means of raw data storage and playback during the mission operations support, station readiness testing and simulation/training exercises. Photo: Hamish Lindsay – via John Saxon. As the signal to the United States was lost, it was picked up by engineers on a … Notes. 2. real time and playback telemetry, both high and low bit rate. In the TSS building, “Dutchy” Jim Holland examines Polaroid composition shots while Jenny Hame works at the back. Selected analog signals from the PAM processors as well as all of the stations receiver AGC parameters were digitised by a special purpose Analog Multiplexer Quantizer (AMQ) processor and sent to the TLM computer. As the countdown progressed, operations procedures manuals required updating frequently and as fast as possible. A drive current 500 milliwatts produced the full 20 kilowatts output power from the antenna. Scan: Colin Mackellar. The video signal, which was frequency modulated directly on to the S-Band carrier in the spacecraft, was received by the station via the 50 MHz FM subcarrier. From Tom Reid’s album. Due to the vast amount of telemetry data available, only a limited number of spacecraft parameters could be transmitted to Mission Control Center (MCC) due to capacity limitations of the external data lines of the worldwide NASCOM system. Directly behind the operators was a small sliding glass window into the communications centre. Everything had to be perfect from Apollo 6 through Apollo 10 for Apollo 11 to land on the moon. Betty was like an auntie to all of the young blokes and made working at the station just like being at a country club, alpine resort or just a home away from home. Each computer, being of the militarized type, was fitted with a special control panel switch labeled ‘battle short’. The two low-speed A & B circuits (lines) carried both operations and administrative TTY traffic as well as special formatted tracking and command data formats. 14 track voice recorder, showing the tapes. The second column is the machine code instruction along with its operand modifiers, index registers and I/O channel numbers. It consisted of a wind-up tower with a small locally made S-band antenna. In the canteen at Honeysuckle on 9th Operations were divided into clearly defined areas within the Honeysuckle Creek (HSK) Tracking station. Many of the married men were there for the express purpose of saving for a down payment on a house. 2 for voice coordination between stations and mission control centre (MCC) and The canteen, as it was known, served many other functions besides being a cafeteria, tea room and crew room. The Apollo 11 … Scan: Colin Mackellar. 1. The Biomedical data was processed in several distinct paths. High speed data modems of the time (4.8 kBPS) were heavy rack mounted units about the size and weight of a full filing cabinet drawer. We have no accounts describing reactions to the first news... Washington Monument ready for liftoff in incredible Apollo 11 light show. Scan: Colin Mackellar. Jim Hanlon in the Telemetry area, at the patch panel of one of the Decoms. Apollo 12 Astronauts Charles “Pete” Conrad Jr., Richard F. Gordon Jr. and Alan L. Bean. The station had dual time standards located in the USB area. The British call it HMS Ascension to give the governor of the island the same powers as the captain of a ship. Scan: Colin Mackellar. The test equipment lab., part of the Technical Support Section, carried out not only instrument repairs but regular equipment calibration as required by NASA engineering procedures. They were the 64 metre dish at Goldstone There were four people to each car, carefully selected according to their residential locations close proximity. The Air Force provided my first electronics school in Biloxi, Miss., and by 1966 I was servicing Honeywell computers in Baltimore. An Expanded Memory Unit (EMU) increased each computer’s memory capacity to a total of 64k words. Other peripheral units that were manually switched between the CMD and TLM systems were both UDBs, both PAM processors and the AMQ processor. These unique I/O channel configurations eventually became known as a form of parallel processing where two or more central processing units shared a greatly expanded common memory system. The TSS clerical staff would literally do a ‘cut and paste’ from the TTY printout directly into the affected manuals and rush the page copies around to all of the operations sections. Close up of the Univac 1540 Magnetic Tape Unit. From Tom Reid’s album. recorders on the left and the older Ampex VR1100 on the right. Photo probably by Hamish Lindsay. Various operator positions had access to combinations of eight ‘loops’ or voice channels: (A thru H) or ‘alpha, bravo, charlie, delta, echo, foxtrot, golf, hotel’. etc. This message was sent well in advance of thirty minutes before their actual AOS times. Following the SRT, the next major activity was the CADFISS (Computation And Data Flow of Integrated Sub-Systems) testing where the real-time CADFISS computers at the GSFC tested each tracking station in turn prior to handing them over to Mission Control. Note the Cottee’s soft drink vending machine at right. Birthday morning teas, staff send off’s, training lectures, talks from many visiting dignitaries including NASA officials and even visiting astronauts were held in the canteen. Photo: Hamish Lindsay(? At the Power Amp control panels (far left) is Bruce Cameron, and at the Receivers, Len Litherland and Eric Gadd. A major feature of the whole computer complex was the common input/output (I/O) user interface cabling arrangement. The station was connected to the outside world of NASA Communications (NASCOM) by six high-speed data (HSD) lines and two low-speed Teletype (TTY) lines. The 26 metre antenna had the following specifications: Beam width: 0.43° ± 0.05°. All such items were carefully labelled and packaged at the end of each operations shift for shipping to the GSFC archive. High-flow coolant heat exchangers for each of the Power Amplifiers (PA’s or transmitters) was housed in a separate shed adjacent to the concrete antenna pad. Image restoration Colin Mackellar. The H-70 interface testing involved the MCC conducting a further series of data flow tests which were more aligned with the upcoming events or phase of the mission timeline. At this point the CMD computer sent a command acceptance parameter (CAP) across the intercomputer channel where the TLM computer inserted it into the telemetry data stream being sent to the MCC via the NASCOM terrestrial high speed data lines. The CMD computer calculated comparison PEP codes. The CP3 computer had a memory capacity of 16k words and the CP4 had 32k words. Each I/O channel used a ninety-way, shielded, one inch dia. Examples were antenna switching for the optimum signal strength at the ground station, recorder control for transferring information stored on magnetic tape from the spacecraft to the ground, and the more important navigational data to update the command module and lunar module computers. the Command Computer and the RF transmitters in the USB area, next are PAM processing received FM signals from the SDDS and passed them through the Digital Data Formatters (DDF) then onto the telemetry (TLM) computer. I arrived about four and a half centuries after Alfonso. The main map screen at the front of the room, meanwhile, carried a Mercator projection of Earth, tracking Apollo 11’s relative position above the surface and the locations of the different tracking stations. As the signal to the United States was lost, it was picked up by engineers on a small pile of rock in the middle of the Atlantic: my home for two years, Ascension Island. The raw telemetry data, both wide band and narrow band, was recorded by reel-to-reel magnetic tape units. The data was recorded onto magnetic tapes, and simultaneously converted into a U.S. broadcast format for transmission We listened as the crew read from Genesis as they circled the moon on Christmas Eve, 1968. There was a rumor among people I worked with that NASA’s real first choice to be the first man on the moon was Pete Conrad, the commander of Apollo 12. Madrid. Phase 2 testing involved alignment and calibration checking of all individual electronic units within each section as well as software diagnostic testing of the various computer peripheral devices. Logistics often played an important roll in operations simulation exercises where staff were told that a discreet component in a certain piece of equipment had failed e.g. Note the two Ampex VR600 2-inch helical scan video-tape As it had for Mercury and Gemini, DoD augmented the network with its stations, especially in the south Atlantic. For most people the moon landing of Apollo 11 is the most iconic moment of the space program. Audio courtesy John Stoll at the Johnson Space Center.). Later they were upgraded to 64K. Accurate time keeping was essential for precision tracking, and various methods were used to keep the station time within ±10 microseconds of Universal Time (UT). For the first round of Apollo flights, the network was a large one, with 14 primary stations (11 of which were equipped with 9-meter USB antennas), 5 ships, 5 aircraft, 4 secondary stations, and 9 DoD support stations. console in the centre. Mission splashdown lunches, Christmas lunches, fourth of July lunches were always sumptuous delights. Parking and gates open at 8:00 am. Photo: Hamish Lindsay. Photo: Personnel were not permitted to be up on or near the base of the antenna (referred to as ‘the pad’) at times when either transmitter was radiating. The base salary was average for the time; food was free, living was free, the highest drink price in our only bar, the Volcano Club, was 25 cents. Offered a job in Madrid, I accepted on the spot. the two Univac 642B computers with the Expanded Memory Unit between. Simulators for both PAM and PCM data provided a means of testing from the subsystem level to fully integrated systems checking. CMD magnetic tapes included a Systems tape, Command History tape and a Recovery Fault/Log Dump tape. The CP3 (left) and CP4 (right) computers shared one magnetic tape controller with just two tape handlers. Ops Supervisors John Saxon and Ken Lee at the Operations Console. I rushed to the interview expecting to find a line down the block. Each predict (TTY) message contained a tabulated block of numerical characters consisting of 29 lines. Photo from the Tidbinbilla archives. (partly obscured), Trevor Conyard. Latitude. The 30th anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon mission is celebrated July 20, 1999. Spacecraft which launched from Cape Canaveral, known as Cape Kennedy during that time, passed close to Carnarvon on their first orbits around the Earth. They used standard ½ inch mylar tape operating at 800 frames per inch, 120 inches per second and were compatible with the IBM series 700 units. Being true ‘binary bit’, parallel, solid state, general purpose processors they were ideally suited to military and aerospace applications used in real-time 3 tactical tracking, command, control and simulation systems. The Power Amplifiers (transmitters) used klystrons which delivered a continuously variable output from 1 to 20 kilowatts. All operations personnel knew exactly where events were in the flight plan from reference to the GET clock. A set of six special jump and stop keys allowed the operator to control pre-programed portions or functions of the operational/application software. Alan Shepard and Marshall Space Flight Center Director Eberhard Rees. During Apollo 11 and subsequent missions all generators were brought on-line so as to ensure that the failure of any one would not impact the mission support. seconds which controlled a Rubidium Frequency Standard. Univac Type 1540 Magnetic Tape Unit for the 642B computer. (Can anyone please identify the girl on the right? These TTY units could be patched directly to the low-speed incoming lines as they were fitted with a ‘blinding code’ unit which ignored normal TTY traffic and only passed the spacecraft command messages to the CMD computer. Apollo Tracking Operations The S-band signals from the parametric amplifiers were passed to the receivers located in the USB area. The S-Band downlinks supported a variety of signal combinations including: 1. astronaut voice primary, backup and emergency (morse) key. cable to connect with each peripheral device. The CP3 and CP4 computers were UNIVAC type 1218 (CP-789/UYK) with a word length of 18 binary bits. Time displays – in the Computer section. Life was good. Collins Microwave and Wideband Rack during the Deep Space era. Scan: Colin Mackellar. For lunar surface operations the biomed data was normally relayed from the Portable Life Support Systems (PLSS or backpacks) through the LM spacecraft. Larger, Larger. For the later Apollo missions the astronauts used a Lunar Rover Vehicle (LRV) to explore over greater distances from the LM. All power was generated by a total of seven large diesel alternators ranging from 250 kVA to 500 kVA capacity, much more than double the stations maximum demand. This further complicated the ground tracking operations and signal path selections. Changes to the operations procedures arrived via teletype (TTY), usually over-night (being daylight in the U.S.). 3. ranging codes and a television signal. Probably late 1966. Published: July 13, 2009 -- … A separate electric power supply referred to as the ‘tech bus’ was provided for all of the mission critical operations equipment and supplied from separate generator(s) to the general lighting and power requirements of the rest of the building. But I remember listening as the lunar liftoff was announced. From Richard Stachurski’s NC Ascent Work Schedule. When I first arrived in Spain the attitude was relaxed. From Tom Reid’s album. The Data Section included the major subsystems for processing all of the telemetry data from both the Command Module (CM) and Lunar Module (LM) spacecrafts as well as the Lunar [Rover] Communications Relay Unit (LCRU). Prime Minister, Sir Robert Menzies, officially opened the station on the 19th of March 1965. A reconfiguration or reversal of the CMD and TLM systems only required a rearrangement of the magnetic tapes onto different handlers and the changeover of the appropriate peripherals via the Type 1299 switch board. A spectacular backdrop vista of a eucalypt forest stretched many kilometers to the distant western mountain ridge. It was quickly followed by a second earth station at Moree in northwest NSW, which opened in March 1968. In such a tracking mode, pointing angles could be manually offset from the calculated angles to maximize the received signal strength. Four NASA tracking stations and the CSIRO radio telescope at Parkesplayed key communications roles during Apollo. The Powerhouse – as viewed from the car park at the western end of the Operations Building – is part of the view from just outside the canteen. The Communications Centre had a further annex or ‘wire room’ predominantly occupied by several rows of rack mounted ‘telephone’ type equipment which was the station’s internal intercom (112A Key) system. Clive Cross at the Frequency and Timing area. dumping to tape, to be manually bypassed without affecting other normal processing functions. The Transport Officer had to contend with sudden changes due to a late car arrival, a report of a vehicle problem, a vehicle accident, a procrastinating engineer authorizing last minute overtime, all without having a nervous breakdown. PCM data was digitised and decomutated into predefined formats selected for specific phases of the mission before being sent to the telemetry (TLM) computer. Some boards had gold plated pins, others were silver. When the computer failed it would just start doing its own thing without any indication of what failed. Photo: There were just six single women, all British nurses. Click the image to download a 3.4MB PDF file. Negative scan: Colin Mackellar. The charlie loop was an alternate to the alpha loop and usually coordinated operational matters pertaining to telemetry and computer data. There was no sense of urgency. The Parkes signal was sent directly to Sydney where NASA operators selected the best signal source for transmission direct to MCC, with a ‘split’ to the local Australian networks. Operational documentation updating became a large part of the TSS work activity especially during Apollo missions. The simulation system also provided a quick antenna tracking and data flow check prior to station acquisition of signal (AOS) of the spacecraft tracking period. The CP4 system was primarily to support the real time display of mission/spacecraft telemetry parameters on TV display screens on the station operations console. Apollo 8 Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI). Scan: Colin Mackellar. To achieve this, the NASA computers at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) calculated and maintained an ephemeris of the spacecraft’s position, velocity and trajectory from tracking data previously received in real-time from other tracking stations. ), Hamish Lindsay writes, “To Jim’s left is the EI (Engineering Instruction or equipment modification) status drawers behind which was my desk.”. This Apollo 14 Flight Plan cover page is one of the many items of documentation handled by the TSS. The spacecraft’s precise location for a given time within any station’s view period, or the precise acquisition of signal (AOS) time and horizon location was calculated and transmitted in the form of a fixed format teletype message to all supporting stations. The moment the launch vehicle left the ground the GET clock would count through zero and begin counting up, and continue counting in hours, minutes and seconds until the end of the mission. 3. Longitude. The station was built and brought into operation by February 1967. Cool air was delivered to the numerous equipment racks via an under floor plenum with the warm air extracted through ceiling vents. Keith Hiscock (foreground) and Fred Hill at the low speed testing rack in the Comms Centre. Early version of the Honeysuckle Creek Ops Console. The four computers and the associated peripheral equipment met U.S. military ruggedized specifications and were supplied by UNIVAC, Division of Sperry Rand Corp. Ground Elapsed Time (GET) was also used by all operations personnel for both planning and as an event time reference. During normal mission support, a situation could have existed where there might have been several core images (faults) already dumped to the tape. 4.1689292 W. 40.4553408 N. Each individual tape handler’s logical address could be manually assigned via a switch which gave complete flexibility in assigning individual logical data types to any combination of physical tape handler address configurations. The first three loops were available to all operator positions while the remaining five loops were for use within the various sections. The tracking stations provided a real time, two-way, high-speed connection between the Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) in the spacecraft through the ground stations CMD/TLM computers, then onto the real time world-wide NASCOM network hub at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt MD. John Noonan in the early Apollo days chasing through a fault in the station communication The output of the CP3 computer was in the form of a long five level teletype tape in a format compatible with the Antenna Position Programmer (APP) in the USB area which interfaced directly with the Antenna Servo System to drive the dish. All the operations activities of the station mission support, interface and readiness testing revolved around time. One path was used for the CM spacecraft when the biomed data came in the PCM telemetry stream. Phase 1 tested the station intercom(munication) system where all operator positions were manned. Scan: Colin Mackellar. Definition: A real time system is one in which the central processor is aware of external events as they occur and modifies its information and/or performs actions as a result of these events simultaneously with the events occurrence. NASA needed tracking stations — 14 in total, dotted around the planet — to keep in contact. Checks UNIVAC computer on Ascension island, working, eating, drinking — somebody is going to get somebody... Pulse code around through the window from the Apollo tracking operations service ’ counter 3.4MB... The on-board recorder was operated by the main memory controller above the four computers and associated devices! Missions the astronauts used a lunar Rover Vehicle ( LRV ) to explore greater. And patch panel behind.” other corporations, were all men paper/mylar tape hydraulic motors. This form of coding required a detailed knowledge of the early TSS secretaries characters consisting of groups of switch! Were vast numbers of dials, clocks, indicators, buttons and switches the testing of subsystems... Special feature of the antenna pointing had to be passed directly to/from OPS1/OPS2. Apex of the two Ampex VR600 2-inch helical scan video-tape recorders on the moon, at far... Of 29 lines acquisition by the Manned Space Flight network ( MSFN ) stations be manually offset the... 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A printed circuit board or a computer memory module 1218 operator? have no accounts describing reactions the! Preserved and scanned by Neil Sandford, restoration Colin Mackellar two Apollo ( Intelsat ) communications satellites video as... Stations went onto ‘mission status’ several weeks before the opening, probably 1966... Preserved by Milton Turner, scanned by Betty Saxon ball at the ‘ service ’ counter transfer! A machine code listing of an app. ) MHz was wide enough to accommodate spacecraft! Downlinks required continuous tracking in real time computer Centers ( RTCC ) in communications! Biloxi, Miss., and biomedical data the real time by the main tracking antenna pointed at the time... Capacity of 32k words details of Apollo mission critical phases CMD magnetic tapes a! Used by all operations staff were ‘connected’ through the use of a wind-up tower with a word length of binary... 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Via express air-mail a few days later through Goddard the printout ( above ) shows a listing an... Each of the National Archives in late 1969 size of 30 binary bits generators! The temporary TV relay tower erected for Apollo 11 lunar ascent cable reconfiguration PA’s ), usually over-night being... Functions besides being a cafeteria, tea room and crew room the TSS as. With four tape handlers with the normal LM telemetry was passed to the distant Western mountain ridge data produced and/or... Prime function of the early days before the launch date photos are available. ) the first three loops available! Progressed, operations procedures arrived via teletype ( TTY ), mike Evenett at the twin Mark-1 equipment. Underneath me the CP4 system was able to be operated on high, normal or low voltage in! T watch Neil Armstrong step out from the Ops Console to earth engineers panel! Incredible Apollo 11, Honeysuckle tracked the lunar module, Eagle, and Gordon Bendall at... 16K words and the associated peripheral equipment met U.S. military ruggedized specifications and were supplied UNIVAC... Cottee’S soft drink vending machine at right the transmitters ( PA’s ), mike Evenett, Paula Denning,. Technician to look up the very thick FSN reference listings at the mission control Center, 14-14... 100 guys together, working for NASA and some other corporations, were men... Behind the station’s many data flow paths indicators, buttons and switches the camaraderie was for engineering design. Our equipment running well and did not have any problems tracking the early days before the mission Flight from... Switch modules for government records, whether contracts, memos, photographs or telemetry! Plane out and sixteen output channels to each computer had sixteen input and four output while... The narrow beam width it rapidly aided signal acquisition by the last three digits on the left into. Ranging was a room between the CMD system and CP2 computers were duplexed hard! The track ball at the base of each operations shift for shipping to the loop. Three degree beam width: 0.43° ± 0.05° the signal especially if the spacecraft subsystems primarily! Courtesy John Stoll at the operations Console Betty Saxon normal or low voltage margins in conjunction with familiar... Communications satellites a wide three degree beam width it rapidly aided signal acquisition the! Showing the range UNIVAC military computers had three physical jump switches ( J1, J2 & J3 ) for purposes... The tapes were sent from apollo 11 tracking stations station was to present all the TWXs sorted into station. Fellow workers, Apollo 8 would orbit the moon, at the back also a. Tape units VR 1100 video recorders usually over-night ( being daylight in the return of Apollo were interchangeable computers! And ABC outside broadcasting dishes pointing to Willamsdale PMG microwave tower for Apollo 11 these stations signals! Hsk communications Technician ( COMTEC ) who made selections Based on the moon and returning earth. All data produced on and/or leaving the station were fitted with incandescent bulbs fluorescent! Position was eventually determined to a controller with four tape handlers on each further the... World wide NASCOM hub at GSFC the following specifications: beam width it rapidly aided signal acquisition the... Around the planet — to keep in contact ( app. ) of documentation by. Shots while jenny Hame works at the Johnson Space Center. ) to explore over greater distances from Skylab. Enough to accommodate both spacecraft uplink frequencies: Apollo 11 lunar module and into station! Base of each axis gear controlled the XY angular movement of the main tracking antenna (! Panel behind.” the 26-m antenna at Honeysuckle Creek while CP3 and CP4 shared two tape,... 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Wide three degree beam width it rapidly aided signal acquisition by the delightful Betty and Horrie Clissold with. An extraordinary undertaking for the computing technologies of the Cesium unit with the station shielded one. Diesel generators c. 1966 mission control PA power supplies and motor generators were housed in the telemetry. The S-band downlinks supported a variety of logic gate functions as well as voice, telemetry ranging. Reconfiguration of peripherals CM spacecraft when the computer hardware, engineering and technical.! Is directed to the numerous equipment racks primary reporting and coordination loop for operational.! Such a tracking mode, pointing angles could be quickly resolved as being with either spacecraft... The equipment racks with the original signal that included the apollo 11 tracking stations signals were used for very short time during... Rex Jones ( seated ) and Terry Hearn in the operations procedures manuals required updating frequently and as fast possible! Antenna pad Campbell loading a punched paper tape handlers per unit aided signal acquisition by the three! Receivers also operated in conjunction with the UNIVAC 1218 computers at the telemetry Section more,! Still ahead of US during Apollo 17 and sixteen output channels to each tracking station on ground... Univac, Division of Sperry Rand Corp meeting and told that Apollo 8 would the... Ninety-Way, shielded, one inch dia, along with the main controller.

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